Valuing a private business is a complex endeavor. But, when all is said and done, valuation analyses boil down to three general approaches. 1. Market approach Under this approach, valuators derive pricing multiples from public or private comparable transactions. These pricing multiples are then applied to the subject company to derive its value. For example, an expert might calculate a median price-to-earnings multiple of 4.5 based on a sample of six comparable transactions. Then the valuator would multiply the subject company’s earnings by 4.5 to arrive at its value. The expert also must consider whether adjustments are warranted to account for the differences between the subject company and comparable firms. Two popular methods fall under the market approach. First, the guideline public company method uses the prices paid for...